C++中的数组类型是继承了C语言的特性,在使用数组的时候要注意数组越界操作问题。为了更安全的对数组进行操作,C++提出了数组模板类array。
 1. array模板类的定义
 1.1 array模板类的声明
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   | template <class T,size_t N> class array;
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数组类是固定大小的序列容器,它们包含以严格线性序列排序的特定数量的元素。数组类具有固定大小,并且不通过分配器管理其元素的分配,它们是封装固定大小元素数组的聚合类型。
 1.2 容器属性
序列容器中的元素按严格的线性顺序排序。各个元素按其顺序访问它们的位置。
元素存储在连续的存储器位置,允许对元素进行恒定时间随机访问。可以偏移元素的指针以访问其他元素。
容器使用隐式构造函数和析构函数静态分配所需的空间。它的大小是编译时常量。没有内存或时间开销。
 1.3 array模板类的说明
array模板类中T为包含元素的类型(std::array::value_type),N为元素个数。
 1.4 array模板类头文件
使用array模板类之前需要包含#include <array>头文件!
 2. array模板类的使用
 2.1 Iterators
Iterators迭代器的作用是遍历array数组类中的元素。可以通过begin/end()、rbegin/rend()、cbegin/cend()、**crbegin/crend()**等函数进行访问。
| 函数 | 
功能 | 
| begin | 
Return iterator to beginning | 
| end | 
Return iterator to end | 
| rbegin | 
Return reverse iterator to reverse beginning | 
| rend | 
Return reverse iterator to reverse end | 
| cbegin | 
Return const_iterator to beginning | 
| cend | 
Return const_iterator to end | 
| crbegin | 
Return const_reverse_iterator to reverse beginning | 
| crend | 
Return const_reverse_iterator to reverse end | 
参考代码如下所示:
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   | #include <iostream> #include <array>
  int main(void) {     std::array<int, 5> arr = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};     std::cout << "array values: ";     for (auto it = arr.begin(); it != arr.end(); ++it) {         std::cout << *it << " ";     }     std::cout << std::endl;     return 0; }
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运行结果如下所示:
 2.2 Capacity
array数组容器的大小是固定的。可以通过sizeof()、size()、max_size()、**empty()**等函数进行检测。
| 函数 | 
功能 | 
| size | 
Return size | 
| max_size | 
Return maximum size | 
| empty | 
Test whether list is empty | 
测试array数组容器大小的参考代码如下所示:
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   | #include <iostream> #include <array>
  int main(void) {     std::array<int, 5> arr = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};     std::cout << "sizeof(array) = " << sizeof(arr) << std::endl;     std::cout << "size of array = " << arr.size() << std::endl;     std::cout << "max_size of array = " << arr.max_size() << std::endl;     if (arr.empty()) {         std::cout << "array is empty!" << std::endl;     } else {         std::cout << "array is not empty!" << std::endl;     } 	return 0;
  }
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运行结果如下所示:
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   | sizeof(array) = 20 size of array = 5 max_size of array = 5 array is not empty!
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 2.3 Element access
可以通过下标[ ]、at()、front()、back()、data()等函数访问array容器内的元素。
| 函数 | 
功能 | 
| operator[ ] | 
Access element | 
| at | 
Access element | 
| front | 
Access first element | 
| back | 
Access last element | 
| data | 
Get pointer to first data | 
参考代码如下:
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   | #include <iostream> #include <array>
  int main(void) {     std::array<int, 5> arr = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};     std::cout << "array[0] = " << arr[0] << std::endl;     std::cout << "array.at(4) = " << arr.at(4) << std::endl;     std::cout << "array.front() = " << arr.front() << std::endl;     std::cout << "array.back() = " << arr.back() << std::endl;     std::cout << "&array: " << arr.data() << " = " << &arr << std::endl;     return 0;
  }
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运行结果如下所示:
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   | array[0] = 1 array.at(4) = 5 array.front() = 1 array.back() = 5 &array: 0x7ffd22df6e50 = 0x7ffd22df6e50
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 2.4 Modifiers
可以使用fill()、swap()等函数对array容器整体进行操作。
| 函数 | 
功能 | 
| fill | 
Fill array with value | 
| swap | 
Swap content | 
参考代码如下所示:
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   | #include <iostream> #include <array>
  int main(void) {     std::array<int, 5> arr;     arr.fill(5);       std::cout << "array values: ";     for (auto i : arr) {         std::cout << i << " ";     }     std::cout << std::endl;     std::array<int, 3> first = {1, 2, 3};     std::array<int, 3> second = {6, 5, 4};     std::cout << "first  array values: ";     for (auto it = first.begin(); it != first.end(); ++it) {         std::cout << *it << " ";     }     std::cout << std::endl;     std::cout << "second array values: ";     for (auto it = second.begin(); it != second.end(); ++it) {         std::cout << *it << " ";     }     std::cout << std::endl;     first.swap(second);       std::cout << "swap array success!" << std::endl;     std::cout << "first  array values: ";     for (auto it = first.begin(); it != first.end(); ++it) {         std::cout << *it << " ";     }     std::cout << std::endl;     std::cout << "second array values: ";     for (auto it = second.begin(); it != second.end(); ++it) {         std::cout << *it << " ";     }     std::cout << std::endl;     return 0; }
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运行结果如下所示:
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   | array values: 5 5 5 5 5  first  array values: 1 2 3  second array values: 6 5 4  swap array success! first  array values: 6 5 4  second array values: 1 2 3 
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 2.5 Compare
还可以使用**>  <  ==等符号对两个array**数组容器进行比较。
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   | #include <iostream> #include <array>
  int main(void) {     std::array<int,5> a = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};     std::array<int,5> b = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};     std::array<int,5> c = {50, 40, 30, 20, 10};     if (a == b) {     	std::cout << "a == b" << std::endl;     } else {     	std::cout << "a != b" << std::endl;     }     if (a == c) {     	std::cout << "a == c" << std::endl;     } else {     	std::cout << "a != c" << std::endl;     }     if (a < c) {     std::cout << "a < c" << std::endl;     } else {     	std::cout << "a >= c" << std::endl;     }     return 0; }
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运行结果如下所示:
 2.6 Other
c++重载了get()函数来访问数组容器中的元素,为了和元组相似,还重载了tuple_size和tuple_element类型。
| 函数 | 
功能 | 
| get( array) | 
Get element (tuple interface) | 
| tuple_element<array> | 
Tuple element type for array | 
| tuple_size<array> | 
Tuple size traits for array | 
参考代码如下所示:
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   | #include <iostream> #include <array> #include <tuple>
  int main(void) {     std::array<int,3> myarray = {10, 20, 30};     std::tuple<int, int, int> mytuple (10, 20, 30);     std::tuple_element<0, decltype(myarray)>::type myelement;       myelement = std::get<2>(myarray);     std::get<2>(myarray) = std::get<0>(myarray);     std::get<0>(myarray) = myelement;     std::cout << "first element in myarray: " << std::get<0>(myarray) << std::endl;     std::cout << "first element in mytuple: " << std::get<0>(mytuple) << std::endl;     return 0; }
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运行结果如下所示:
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   | first element in myarray: 30 first element in mytuple: 10
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建议:多使用array数组容器代替c类型数组,使操作数组元素更加安全!